Fig. 4: A general fabrication framework for materials and configurations enabled by the GDS sintering technique.

All scale bars are 15 mm in column 3. a Schematic of an 8 by 3 matrix for cosintering 24 curved ceramics with the GDS technique (column 2) and photographs of the corresponding sintered specimens (column 3). b Schematic of implementing the GDS method on the BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramic (column 2) and photographs of the obtained curved BT ceramic (column 3). c Schematics of fabricating PZT ceramics with diverse configurations by designing initial mechanical boundaries (column 2). The fabricated ceramics exhibit the same geometries with the corresponding designs demonstrated in column 2. d Schematic of the GDS method for fabricating PZT ceramics with a designed curved surface, in which the sintered ceramic possesses the same curve surface with the inner surface of the alumina support.