Fig. 3: Main drivers of the net C emissions from forest biomass.

a Applied at the national level to the 1990–2020 period; b established according to a Boolean typology using the results from the counterfactual scenario assessment as criteria; c enabling to calculate the sum of net C-sinks and net C sources in each type of forest C-dynamics trajectory identified through the typology, error bars indicating the range of C-sinks and sources by main driver estimated across the five sensitivity analyses, with black and gray bars standing, respectively, for solid and hatched countries (see Supplementary Figs. 6–7 for results from sensitivity analyses). The hatches on the countries (a), typology (b), and bar chart (c) stand for cases in which the driver with the strongest effect actually counteracts the observed carbon budget. The color of the hatches corresponds to the main factor identified by the decision tree algorithm. Abbreviation on the typology: E: C sink driven by forest area Expansion; LH: C sink driven by Lower Harvest; FR: C sink driven by Fire Reduction; EG: C sink driven by Enhanced Growth rate; DG: C source driven by Declining Growth rate; FI: C source driven by Fire Increase; HH: C source driven by Higher Harvest; D: C source driven by Deforestation; NS: non-significant change.