Fig. 4: Resolvin-D2 regulates inflammation in dystrophic mdx mice.
From: Resolvin-D2 targets myogenic cells and improves muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
a, b Quantification by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of Resolvin-D isoforms (RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, 17(R, S)-RvD4, RvD5), and ptgs1/2-derived prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2α) in the gastrocnemius muscle of wildtype (WT) and mdx mice (b) p = 0.0444. c Ratio of prostaglandins/Resolvin-D in the gastrocnemius muscle of wildtype and mdx mice. d Timeline of daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Resolvin-D2 (RvD2, 5 μg/kg/day), prednisone (pred, 2 mg/kg/day), or vehicle (ctrl) in mdx mice. e Immunofluorescence on tibialis anterior (TA) muscle sections of mdx mice for F4/80 (total macrophage marker; red) and CD206 (anti-inflammatory macrophage marker; green), Ly6G (neutrophil marker; red), and CD3 (lymphocyte marker; green), and DAPI (blue). Scale bars = 50 μm. f, g Quantification of total macrophages in TA muscles following 7 days f (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0007; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p < 0.0001; Pred vs. RvD2 = 0.0835), and 21 days g (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0060; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0141; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.6009). h, i Percentage of anti-inflammatory macrophages (F4/80+ CD206+) in TA muscles sections at h 7 days (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.1264; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0249; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.3418) and i 21 days (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0212; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0104; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.6724). j, k Density of neutrophils in TA muscles at j 7 days (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0279; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0559; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.6820) and k 21 days (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0151; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0072; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.6548). l, m Density of CD3+ T cells in TA muscles at l 7 days (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0047; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0415; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.2076) and m 21 days (Ctrl vs. Pred, p = 0.0272; Ctrl vs. RvD2, p = 0.0494; Pred vs. RvD2, p = 0.7249). f–m RvD2 = blue triangles, pred = red squares, and Ctrl = black circles. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 4 mice per group per time-point (except n = 3 for a–c). Experiments were performed in technical duplicates and analyzed using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test for panels (a, b) and one-way ANOVA uncorrected Fisher’s LSD test for (f–m). All data were analyzed with a 95% confidence interval. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.
