Fig. 3: Origin of ferroelectric effect.
(a) DFT simulation results of confined water relaxed structure displaying ice XI configuration, (b) electrostatic potential distribution (relative to origin) along the z-axis of pristine graphene and graphene/ice structure with overlaid 3D image of relaxed structure (c) current-voltage characteristics of the device under different amounts of water coverage, (d) tunneling distance between electrodes and polarization as a function of water coverage, (e) bond distance histogram of structures relaxed at different temperatures through molecular dynamics simulation, (f, g) Temperature dependence of (f) high-frequency relaxation time constant and (g) PUVD polarization.
