Fig. 5: The cytotoxicity of various treatments and the analysis of combined ferroptosis and apoptosis.

a CCK-8 cytotoxicity analysis of HeLa cells treated with different formulations. b Western blotting analysis of glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) and GADPH. The samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. c The analysis of caspase-3 activity in HeLa cells using Alexa 647-conjugated caspase-3 antibody. Pink: caspase-3; Blue: nuclei. d Live/dead cytotoxicity analysis of HeLa cells treated with different formulations. Green: live cells; Red: dead cells. e CCK-8 cytotoxicity analysis of 4T1 and HepG2 cells treated with different formulations. Data in (a), (b), and (e) were represented as mean values ± SD, n = 3 biologically independent samples in (a) and (b), n = 4 biologically independent samples in (e). A representative image of three biologically independent samples from each group is shown in (b–d). P values were calculated by using one-way ANOVA in (a), (b), and (e).