Fig. 4: Defoliator outbreaks offset increases in lake water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations observed across northern waters.
From: Forest defoliator outbreaks alter nutrient cycling in northern waters
Bars represent the number of lakes that showed either an increase (black; n = 247) or decrease (open; n = 15) in DOC between 1990 and 201644. Four lakes showed no change in DOC and are omitted from the plot. The vertical dashed line is the mean decline in DOC averaged across ice-free months estimated during defoliator outbreaks over the same study period from 12 catchments in Ontario, Canada. The shaded area represents the 95% CI for the change in DOC calculated via the emmeans package.
