Fig. 5: Half of all surveyed lake catchments in Ontario, Canada experience defoliator outbreaks at least every 5 years.
From: Forest defoliator outbreaks alter nutrient cycling in northern waters
a Bars are the number of catchments with lakes ≥5 ha where insect defoliator outbreaks occurred between 1 and ≥15 times from 1990 and 2016 (n = 48,286). The dashed line is the median number of outbreaks per catchment across the 22-year interval. b Cumulative proportion of catchments with at least one insect outbreak between 1990 and 2016 (n = 60,430). Outbreaks were defined where ≥50% of the catchment area was defoliated by aerial observation.
