Fig. 3: Genetic correlations with educational attainment for ASD + ADHD cross-disorder meta-analyses.

Genetic correlations (r_g) of educational attainment (EA) with ASD, ADHD and combined ASD + ADHD risk were estimated using unconstrained Linkage Disequilibrium Score correlation⁶⁷. Genetic correlations with EA(SSGAC; N = 766,345) were estimated for (a) ASD(iPSYCH, woADHD; N = 32,985), ADHD(iPSYCH; N = 37,076) and a combination of these summary statistics (cross-disorder meta-analysis), and, analogously, for (b) ASD(PGC; N = 10,610), ADHD(iPSYCH, N = 37,076) and a combination of these summary statistics (cross-disorder meta-analysis). Cross-disorder meta-analyses were conducted with METACARPA, allowing for sample overlap⁶¹. LDSC correlation estimates with 95% confidence intervals (bars) are shown. Individual genetic correlation estimates, standard errors and corresponding P-values (Z-statistic, two-sided test) are provided in Supplementary Table 6. All tests passed the multiple-testing threshold of P < 0.002. Source data are provided as a Source data file. ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hhyperactivity Disorder, ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder, iPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, PGC psychiatric genetics consortium, r_g genetic correlation, SSGAC Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, woADHD without ADHD.