Fig. 1: VLN3 plays an essential role in stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis.

a–b VLN3 mutants are more susceptible to bacterial pathogens. Plants of indicated genotypes were sprayed (a) or hand infiltrated (b) with P. syringae DC3000. Bacterial growth was measured at 2 d postinoculation (dpi). Representative images of stomatal closure in (c) or stomatal aperture measurements in (d, e) show impaired pathogen- or MAMP-induced stomatal defense in vln3 mutants. Scale bars = 20 µm. f Loss of VLN3 leads to increased bacteria entry through open stomata. g Stomatal density was not altered in vln3 mutants. Images for stomatal aperture analysis were also used to determine stomatal density. Value are means ± SD. n = 3 in (a, b, f). n = 30 images in (g). Sample sizes in (d, e) are indicated. Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, as determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The exact p values are provided in the Source Data file.