Fig. 2: Spatial and temporal changes in β-diversity between Holocene (pre-Columbian) and Anthropocene floras based on recent plant extinctions and naturalizations (best case scenario).
From: Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene
Left panel shows the Holocene flora, middle the Anthropocene flora (based on recent extinctions and naturalizations) and right panel differences in turnover (homogenization) between Holocene and Anthropocene epochs. a The geographic sampling unit within level 3 regional classification as defined by the Biodiversity Information Standards Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG). b–d Spatial and temporal changes in turnover (β-diversity) in species diversity. e–g Spatial and temporal changes in turnover (β-diversity) in phylogenetic diversity. h–j Spatial and temporal changes in phylogenetic β-diversity standardized for species richness (phylogenetic tip shuffling 1000 times). Both species and phylogenetic turnover were calculated using Simpson’s metric of beta and phylogenetic beta diversity respectively, between 100 km × 100 km grid cells aggregated across level 3 TDWG biomes, a. Maps are in Behrmann equal-area projection.
