Fig. 4: Theoretical analysis of decay kinetics of TDR signal of Y2Ti2O5S2 photocatalyst.

a Numerical (solid line) and analytical model (dotted line) calibration with the measured normalized TDR signal \(S(t)/S(0)\) (circle) measured at pump fluence intensity \({P}_{{{{{{\rm{FL}}}}}}}=3\,{{\upmu }}{{{{{\rm{J}}}}}}\) and probe photon energy of 0.24 eV. b Mapping of calculated trapped hole density \({p}_{{{{{{\rm{t}}}}}}}\left(E,t\right)\,\) in cm−3 eV−1 across energy \(E\), mobile electron (solid circles) and hole density (open circles) in cm−3 at different decay time \(t\). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.