Fig. 5: Optimization design strategies to realize high efficiency for Y₂Ti₂O₅S₂ photocatalyst.

a Impact of particle size, n-type donor density n_eq and trap density N_t on internal quantum efficiency (IQE). b Influence of \({n}_{{{{{{\rm{eq}}}}}}}\) at various charge carrier generation rate \(G\) for charge extraction rate k_et = 10⁷ s⁻¹. c, d Effect of n_eq, N_t, and characteristic energy \({E}_{0}\) on the IQE and STH efficiency of Y₂Ti₂O₅S₂ photocatalyst. Here, \({n}_{{{{{{\rm{eq}}}}}},}\,{N}_{{{{{{\rm{t}}}}}}}\,\), and \({E}_{0}\) correspond to the estimated values (in Supplementary Table 1) from the TA decay kinetics. The IQE and STH efficiency is calculated from Eq. (3) and Supplementary Note 5. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.