Fig. 1: Construction and characterization of lysis unit.

a The effect of different lysis proteins on cell OD₆₀₀ in 2 h. The clarity of LB medium represented E. coli has been lysed by lysis proteins. (P values = 0.6938725; 0.000165; 0.6108144; 0.1437364; 0.000358) b The effect of different lysis proteins on the release of contents in 2 h. The blue color of the reaction solution represented intracellular protein has been released into the supernatant. (P values = 0.0773454; 0.0002937; 0.0582133; 0.0015429; 0.0000676.) Strain JM109 harboring empty vector was used as the control group. All groups were grown at 37 °C and 200 r.p.m. in LB medium for 4 h. Statistical significance of values at 2 h was determined and was indicated as * for P < 0.05, ** for P < 0.01 and *** for P < 0.001, respectively. c Spot assays were used to test the effect of different lysis proteins on the viability of E. coli. The dilution of samples from left to right was 10⁰, 10¹, 10², 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵. Strain JM109 harboring empty vector was used as the control group. d PI staining was used to detect the effect of different lysis proteins on mortality rate. The percentage of fluorescence intensity represented the mortality ratio. The fluorescence intensity of living cells was less than 10³, and that of dead cells was more than 10³. Strain JM109 harboring empty vector was used as the control group. e Scanning electron microscope was used to detect changes on the surface of E. coli after expressing different lysis proteins. The white arrows indicated where the cells are broken. Three experiments were repeated independently with similar results. f Structure of wild-type CoIM and schematic of reconstructing CoIM*. Values are shown as mean ± s.d. from three (n = 3) biological replicates. Two-tailed t tests were used to determine statistical significance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.