Fig. 2: Electrical resistance metrology.
I–V curves were measured at different temperatures across the nanopores confining nanodroplets. a Nanodroplets of ~150 nm, in which a nonlinear jump in electrical resistance is measured between the temperature of −9 and −11 °C. The resistance jump indicates water–ice phase change and suggests nucleation temperature (TN) at this length-scale. b For nanodroplets of ~20 nm, the resistance jump and consequently phase change is detected between −18 and −20 °C. c The TN value drops to ~−36 °C for 5 nm nanodroplets. Note that there are two resistance jumps for these pores as there are two dimensions of pore in these membranes, large pores of (150–200 nm) and small pores of 5 nm. d The TN value drops to −41 °C below the limit of homogeneous bulk nucleation for 2 nm water droplets. e The normalized resistance jumps for different dimensions of water nanodroplets are shown. The electrical resistance metrology for other pore dimensions is provided in the Supplementary information.
