Fig. 1: Sustained acidosis affects macrophage mitochondrial mass.

a–e Monocytes were polarized into macrophages in the absence (Mφ) or presence of lactic acid (LA-Mφ), lactic acid and acetoacetate (LA-Mφ + AcAc), sodium lactate (Lactate-Mφ), or under acidosis (HCl-Mφ). a, b Monitoring of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in day 4 macrophages following a sequential addition of oligomycin (oligo), carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and antimycin A (AntiA). Basal OCR, ATP-linked respiration, maximal respiratory capacity, and proton-leak respiration were determined as described in the Methods section. a Schematic (left panel) and representative (right panel) OCR profiles (mean ± SD; n = 8). b Metabolic parameters obtained from OCR profiling. ATP-linked respiration/maximal respiratory capacity (ATP-linked/maximal) and proton leak/maximal respiratory capacity (proton leak/maximal) ratios were calculated (n = 11 for Mφ and LA-Mφ; n = 5 for LA-Mφ + AcAc). c Quantification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number by qPCR from day 1 to day 7 (mean ± SD; n = 10). Two-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey post hoc test was performed for statistical analysis. d Citrate synthase activity and complex IV/citrate synthase ratio at day 4 and 7 (n = 6). e mtDNA was quantified on day 4 (n = 12 for Mφ and LA-Mφ; n = 6 for HCl-Mφ and Lactate-Mφ). a–e The boxplots display a median line, interquartile range (IQR) boxes, min to max whiskers; two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test was performed for statistical analysis unless specified otherwise; ns not significant. Source data are provided in a Source Data file.