Table 2 Other reported instances of lateral pedestrian-induced bridge vibrations.
From: Emergence of the London Millennium Bridge instability without synchronisation
Bridge | Country | Year | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|
Angers Bridge73 | France | 1850 | Collapsed while a battalion of soldiers was marching across the bridge, killing 226 of them; the bridge movement “involuntarily gave the soldier a certain cadence” |
Brooklyn Bridge74 | USA | 1880 | Swaying of catwalks during construction |
Wuhan Yangtze Bridge75 | China | 1957 | |
Kiev suspension bridge76 | Ukraine | 1958 | |
Bosporus Bridge, Istanbul35 | Turkey | 1973 | 100,000 pedestrians on opening day caused it to sway |
Auckland Harbour Bridge22 | New Zealand | 1975 | 0.67 Hz oscillation during public demonstration |
Groves Bridge, Chester22 | UK | 1977 | 100 m suspension bridge filled with rowing regatta spectators |
Golden Gate Bridge77 | USA | 1987 | Oscillations occurred due to a crowd of pedestrians crossing the bridge to mark the bridge’s 50th opening anniversary |
NEC, Birmingham22 | UK | 1990 | 0.7 Hz oscillations of 45 m bridge linking exhibition centre to railway station after major events |
Expo 1998 footbridges, Lisbon78 | Portugal | 1998 | “Acceleration in horizontal vibrations can go over adequate limits with just a few pedestrians.” |
Alexandra Bridge, Ottawa11 | Canada | 2000 | Crowd due to firework display |
Brooklyn Bridge36 | USA | 2003 | “Packed shoulder to shoulder with pedestrians” during blackout; “feeling seasick, having to weave as they walked”, could not keep balance if stood still. |
Bosphorus Bridge, Istambul79 | Turkey | 2010 | |
Bassac River Bridge80 | Cambodia | 2010 | 456 people died in stampede after panic caused by swaying of bridge filled with over 7000 pedestrians trying to reach popular water festival |
Westminster Bridge, London34 | UK | 2010 | |
Brooklyn Bridge34 | USA | 2011 |
