Fig. 1: Severe COVID-19 infection is characterized by immunosuppression and is more pronounced in men than women. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Severe COVID-19 infection is characterized by immunosuppression and is more pronounced in men than women.

From: Postmortem high-dimensional immune profiling of severe COVID-19 patients reveals distinct patterns of immunosuppression and immunoactivation

Fig. 1

a Principal component analysis of lung tissue of COVID-19 (n = 11) compared to non-COVID-19 (n = 3) decedents. Each dot corresponds to a single sample based on RNA‐seq data. b The differential genes expression between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 of lung tissue, the vertical baseline represents the absolute value of log2 fold change >1, and the horizontal baseline above represents p < 0.05. DESeq2 was used for differential gene expression analysis. c Gene set enrichment analysis of hallmark lymphocyte inhibitory genes based on non-COVID-19 to COVID-19. FDR < 0.05 defined as significant. Gene sets are ranked by the difference in the fraction of experiments with significant positive and negative enrichment. d Principal component analysis of bulk transcriptomes of lung (green, women = 7, men = 4), heart (yellow, women = 1, men = 1), kidney (purple, women = 1, men = 1), liver (red, women = 2, men = 2) and spleen (blue, women = 1, men = 1). e Comparison chemokine expression levels between men and women in lung, heart, kidney, liver and spleen. Colored according to the sample based on RNA‐seq data. f Gene Ontology analysis of pathways enriched of multiple organs in women upregulate compared to men. Colored according to the sample based on RNA‐seq data. Fisher’s exact test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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