Fig. 5: Scalability and sustainability.
J-V curves of PSCs based a MAPbI3 and b FA0.97MA0.03PbI2.91Br0.09 perovskites. c Comparison of PCE in the literature and this work is based on different co-solvent dilution ratios. d Photograph images of the up-scaling program via fabrication of mini- and large perovskite modules by the co-solvent dilution strategy (Photo credit: Narges Yaghoobi Nia). e Statistic overview on the reproducibility of the co-solvent dilution versus control high concentrated modules influencing by the module active area. f I–V curves of champion large perovskite modules fabricated with high concentration control percussor and co-solvent diluted precursor. g–i Cost and waste generation analysis for module fabrication with and without co-solvent dilution. PbX2 = PbI2 + PbBr2; AX = FAI + MABr. The material cost includes the cost of all solvents and perovskite materials used.
