Fig. 4: Formation energies of various adsorbates.

a Formation energies of adsorbed *OCHO, *H, *COOH, and *CO at 1/9 ML coverage at 0 V vs RHE on Pd_MLPt(111), Pt(111), and Pd(111) from formic acid in solution. b Formation energies of adsorbed *OCHO, *H, *COOH, and *CO at 1/9 ML coverage at 0 V vs. RHE on Pd_MLPt(111), Pt(111), and Pd(111) calculated relative to CO₂ (g), electrons, and protons, and for *H, calculated relative to (H⁺ + e⁻). *OCOH in bright orange is non-solvated and in dark orange/red it is solvated, *OCHO-sol. *COOH in light green is non-solvated and in dark green it is solvated, *COOH-sol.