Fig. 6: Copy-number evolution of single-cell clusters from primary IMPC to metastatic lymph nodes in six samples.

a IMPC single-cell cluster phylogenetic tree of patient P18. Heatmap depicting the genome-wide CNVs (columns) across single-cell clusters (rows). Copy-number gains and losses are encoded by red and blue color gradients, respectively. Tree illustrating the evolutionary relationship based on the minimum spanning tree method. Colored annotations indicate the clonal membership of the cell clusters, showing that multiple lymphatic metastases originated from the same primary subclone. b The overlap among the CNV genes in each clone in the primary tumor and lymph node metastases of six patients with IMPC. Boxplots illustrate the degree of similarity between the primary subclone and the metastatic foci at the CNV level in each sample (with the box plot center, box, whiskers, and points corresponding to the median, interquartile range, 1.5× interquartile range, and outliers, respectively). The higher the similarity, the more likely the subclone is to metastasize to lymph nodes; thus, the corresponding single-cell clusters of the subclone have a higher chance of metastasis. The horizontal axis shows the subclone numbers as represented by different colors. The vertical axis shows the similarity rate. c Common characteristics of CNVs in subclones selected from b. Scaled Venn diagrams reflecting the overlap among subclones from 6 samples with each number representing a CNV shared by two or more subclones; the genes are high-frequency recurrent CNV events among the 6 patients with IMPC, including the loss of IGSF9 and PRDM16 and gain of ALDH2.