Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance of Li–S cells based on various sulfur cathodes.

a Galvanostatic discharge–charge curves at 1 C (i.e., 1.68 A g_s⁻¹). b Rate performance of various sulfur cathodes at different specific current. c Cycle performance at 1 C (i.e., 1.68 A g_s⁻¹). d Long-term cycling stability at 2 C (i.e., 3.36 A g_s⁻¹). e Cycle performance of {Co₄W₁₈}/rGO/S cathodes with high sulfur loading at 0.1 C (i.e., 0.168 A g_s⁻¹). f Cycle performance of the pouch cell with sulfur loading of 3.6 mg cm⁻² and E/S ratio of 5 μL mg⁻¹ at 0.2 C (i.e., 0.336 A g_s⁻¹).