Fig. 3: Means of power rates (averaged over SNPs affecting I) for the unadjusted and adjusted estimators using the Slope-Hunter (SH) method and ‘Hedges-Olkin’ of the Dudbridge et al. (DHO) method.
From: A robust method for collider bias correction in conditional genome-wide association studies
Estimates of association coefficients for 10,000 independent SNPs with a quantitative trait I, and a quantitative outcome (P) conditional on I are simulated assuming an underlying four-component model for effect-size distribution, where SNPs could have direct effects on I only (GI.), both traits (GIP), P only or on neither traits, such that GI. explains larger (Scenario 1), equal (Scenario 2), or lower (Scenario 3) proportions of the variation in I compared with the GIP variants (Methods). The direct effects on I and P could be correlated (ρd ≠ 0) in the same direction as the correlation due to the confounding effect (ρc), uncorrelated (ρd = 0), or correlated in the opposite direction of the correlation due to the confounding effect. The means of power rates across all variants affecting I and P (i.e., GI. and GIP) over 1000 simulations are depicted for each estimator. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
