Fig. 3: Time series of observed historical September sea ice (1979–2018) and projections until the end of the twenty-first century. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Time series of observed historical September sea ice (1979–2018) and projections until the end of the twenty-first century.

From: Delayed Antarctic sea-ice decline in high-resolution climate change simulations

Fig. 3

a Historical and scenario simulations of September Antarctic sea-ice extent and b sea-ice volume anomaly in the high-resolution (HR; grey/black) and low-resolution (LR; light green/green) AWI-CM configurations. Control simulations with atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations fixed at 1950 levels are shown in light colours; the red line depicts historical SIE observations (OBS) over the satellite era (see “Methods”). The volume anomalies are relative to 1950-control means. c Patterns of projected sea-ice concentration changes in September (2070–2099 minus 1990–2019) in LR and HR. Black (white dashed) contours show the sea-ice extent for 1990–2019 (2070–2099). The “delta approach" (see “Methods”) has been applied in (c) to isolate the climate change signal. The signals are significantly larger than typical unforced 30yr-variability in the 1950 control simulations (see “Methods”). Hatching indicates non-significant regions where the concentration changes are smaller than two standard deviations.

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