Fig. 4: Southern Ocean sea-ice fraction [%], salinity [psu], and potential temperature [°C] sections along the 30° W meridian in present-day observations and in model simulations (1990–2019). | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Southern Ocean sea-ice fraction [%], salinity [psu], and potential temperature [°C] sections along the 30° W meridian in present-day observations and in model simulations (1990–2019).

From: Delayed Antarctic sea-ice decline in high-resolution climate change simulations

Fig. 4

a, d Observations (OBS) from the National Snow and Ice Data Centre NSIDC98 (September sea-ice fraction) and from the Polar science centre Hydrographic Climatology PHC 3.092 (salinity and potential temperature), overlaid with a schematic representation of the residual overturning circulation (arrows), b, e simulated water mass structure and sea-ice fraction for the high-resolution configuration (HR), and c, f same for the low-resolution (LR) simulation. Dashed vertical lines denote the latitude of September sea-ice edges. For better orientation between the different panels, relevant density contours (σ2-isopycnals) are highlighted (black and white lines). Black arrows depict the northward branch of the upper circulation cell of the residual overturning circulation that is connected to the prominent low-salinity layer of Antarctic Intermediate Water.

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