Fig. 1: Comparison of the power deviation between unshaped and shaped lightwaves.

a Probability distribution of the total energy in a block of the unshaped (left figure) and shaped (right figure) symbols. The maximum energy is significantly lower in the shaped symbols than in the unshaped symbols. b Division of the continuum of lightwaves in time and frequency. The probability distributions shown in (a) appear in each of the rectangular blocks that divide the lightwaves. c Probability distribution of the normalized power \({\left\langle {{{{{\mathcalligra{p}}}}}}\right\rangle }_{w}\) of the unshaped (left figures) and shaped (right figures) symbols, measured with a sliding window of length \(w=1\) (upper figures) and \(40\) (lower figures). d The windowed second central moment \({\bar{\mu }}_{2}\) as a function of the measurement window size \(w\). As \(w\) increases, the moment decreases only for the shaped symbols. All shaped symbols in Fig. 1 achieve \(R=6.4\).