Fig. 3: Evaluation of the alkaline HER performance using W-ACs in 1 M KOH solution.

a Polarization (LSV) curves and (c) Tafel plots for P-doped C, WC NPs, W-SAs, W-ACs, P-doped Pt/C catalysts. b The overpotentials at 10 mA/cm2 extracted from W-ACs and P-doped Pt/C catalysts in this work, in comparison with those of non-noble metal catalysts previously reported in alkaline media3,6,10,16,23,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44. d Electrochemical double-layer capacitance (CdI) obtained from CV measurements between –0.8 and –0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at different scan rates (100–10 mV/s) for P-doped C, WC NPs, W-SAs and W-ACs. e TOF curves of W-SAs, and W-ACs. f LSV curves for W-SAs and W-ACs before and after 1000 CVs, with the chronopotentiometry measurements at current density of 10 mA/cm2 in the inset.