Fig. 4: Bidirectional, in vivo optogenetic control of mice social interactions with wirelessly operated, dual-color micro-LED probes.

a Photograph of two DAT-cre mice with wireless probes in an arena (30 × 30 cm²). Experiment groups (Exp) express stGtACR2 + ChrimsonR, and control groups (Ctrl) express EGFP + mCherry. b Representative behavioral sequences recorded for one mouse receiving red or blue stimulations during social interactions. Here sniffing and attacking behaviors are highlighted and labeled, and other behaviors include locomotion, resting and escaping. c Summary of changes in social interactions under red or blue stimulations. Here, we compare the time spent in sniff and attack during the 5 min light stimulation with the 5 min resting state. n = 4 groups for both Exp. and Ctrl. Two-way ANOVA, Sidak’s multiple-comparisons test (experiment versus control). d Photograph of three DAT-cre mice with wireless probes in an arena. e Representative behavioral sequences recorded for the three mice (#A, #B, #C) receiving red or blue stimulation during social interactions. f Summary of changes in social interactions under red or blue stimulations for each mouse. n = 4 groups for both Exp (left) and Ctrl (right). Two-way ANOVA, uncorrected Fisher’s LSD (red versus blue). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, n.s. P > 0.05. All data are represented as mean ± s.e.m. See Supplementary Table 1 for detailed statistical analysis. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.