Fig. 6: Abnormal mitochondrial sheath formation induced by loss of VDAC3 or of Kastor or Polluks.

a, b Gross appearance of spermatozoa (a) and quantification of the percentage of bent spermatozoa (b) collected from the cauda epididymis of adult WT, Kastor KO, Polluks KO, dKO, or VDAC3 KO mice. Arrows indicate the bent regions of spermatozoa. Scale bars, 50 μm. Quantitative data are means ± s.d. for the indicated numbers of male mice. c SEM images of mitochondrial sheath formation during spermiogenesis in the testis of mice of the indicated genotypes. Scale bars, 1.0 μm. d, e Images of wavy motion of spermatozoa obtained with a high-speed camera (d) and quantification of the bending angle of the midpiece (e). Quantitative data are means ± s.d. (10 spermatozoa per mouse, n = 3 or 5 mice per genotype). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001; NS, not significant (unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test, Welch’s t test or Steel’s test). Source data are provided as a Source data file.