Fig. 4: Operando investigation of HER behaviors in various electrolyte environments.

a Operando XANES spectra of Os-B in 1.0 M KOH, b in 0.5 M H2SO4 and c in 1.0 M PBS. d Operando EXAFS spectra of Os-B in 1.0 M KOH, e in 0.5 M H2SO4 and f in 1.0 M PBS. g The polarization curve and the corresponding position of the Os energy edge obtained with a first-derivative method. h Schematic illustration of HER mechanism in various electrolyte environments.