Fig. 1: Geographic locations for ancient groups and present-day Tibeto-Burman speakers.

Circles represent ancient groups and are colored by archaeological periods; squares represent present-day populations of Tibeto-Burman speakers. Left inset: an enlarged view of the seven aMMD sites. Lower left inset: an enlarged view of the present-day Nepalese and Bhutanese populations: 1. Bahing; 2. Bantawa; 3. Baram; 4. Brokkat; 5. Brokpa; 6. Bumthang; 7. Chali; 8. Chamling; 9. Chantyal; 10. Chepang; 11. Chetri; 12. Dakpa; 13. Damai; 14. Dhimal; 15. Dumi; 16. Dzala; 17. Gongduk; 18. Gurung; 19. Khengpa; 20. Kulung; 21. Kurtop; 22. Lakha; 23. Layap; 24. Limbu; 25. Lower_Mustang; 26. Magar; 27. Majhi; 28. Mangde; 29. Monpa; 30. Nachiring; 31. Newar; 32. Ngalop; 33. Nubri; 34. Nup; 35. Puma; 36. Sampang; 37. Sarki; 38. Sherpa; 39. Sherpa_Khumbu; 40. Sonar; 41. Sunwar; 42. Tamang; 43. Thakali; 44. Tshangla; 45. Tsum; 46. Upper_Mustang; 47. Wambule. The base map was created in R v4.0.0 using publicly available map and altitude information from the mapdata v2.3.0 and elevatr v0.3.4 packages.