Fig. 4: A genetic cline of Tibeto-Burman groups.

We model Tibeto-Burman groups using Nepalese Tibetan from the Tsum region (“Tsum”) and Upper_YR_LN as the two sources using qpAdm. Tibetans from the plateau and Tibetans close to the Himalayas derived the majority of their ancestry from the Tibetan lineage, while Tibeto-Burman groups further to the east derived a much higher proportion of their ancestry from the lowlander lineage. The numbered circles/rectangles represent point estimates from qpAdm, and the thick and thin vertical segments represent ±1 and ±2 standard error measures (SEM) estimated by 5 cM block jackknifing, respectively.