Fig. 1: Compartmentalisation of Vδ1 and Vɣ9Vδ2 T-cells with a tissue-resident phenotype in human liver.

a Representative flow cytometry plots and summary data of CD69⁺CD103⁺ or CD69⁺CD49a⁺ co-expression on Vδ1 and Vɣ9Vδ2 T-cells from intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL) of tumour-free liver tissue compared to paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (n = 35–44; p < 0.0001). b t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) was applied to flow cytometry expression data (concatenated PBMC n = 3 and IHL n = 5) of Vδ1 (blue) and Vɣ9Vδ2 (red) T cells (top row); plots coloured by CD69, CD49a and CD103 expression on Vδ1 T-cells (middle row) and Vɣ9Vδ2 T-cells (bottom row). c Frequencies of CD69⁺CD103⁺, CD69⁺CD49a⁺ and CD69⁺CD49a⁺CD103⁺ intrahepatic Vδ1 and Vɣ9Vδ2 T-cells (n = 40; Vδ1 p = 0.02, p = 0.004, p < 0.0001; Vɣ9Vδ2 p = 0.02, p = 0.0008; p < 0.0001). d Frequencies of CXCR6-expressing CD69⁺CD103⁺ or CD69⁺CD49a⁺ Vδ1 and Vɣ9Vδ2 T_RM (n = 17; Vδ1 p < 0.0001; Vɣ9Vδ2 p = 0.002, p = 0.02). e Frequencies of CXCR3-expressing CD69⁺CD103⁺ (n = 14) or CD69⁺CD49a⁺ (n = 9–11) Vδ1 and Vɣ9 Vδ2 T_RM (Vδ1 p = 0.001, p = 0.004; Vɣ9Vδ2 p = 0.008, p = 0.02). f Frequencies of Vδ1 and Vɣ9Vδ2 T_RM in IHL from healthy liver tissue (disease-free margins of CRCLM) (n = 24) compared to healthy donor liver transplant perfusates (n = 17, Vδ1 p < 0.0001, p = 0.03; Vɣ9Vδ2 p < 0.001, p = 0.0096). Each symbol represents a study participant, with error bars showing the mean ± SEM (a, c–f); two-tailed p-values were determined using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test (a, d, e), Kruskal–Wallis test (ANOVA) followed by Dunn’s post-hoc multiple comparisons test (c), Mann–Whitney test (f). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.