Fig. 5: Characterizations of the cycled quasi-solid electrolyte and cycled NCM-811 cathode at different depths.

a Schematic illustration of the tape peeling method employed to peel off certain amounts of NCM-811 materials and expose the internal area of the cycled NCM-811 cathode for the following Raman experiment (after 700 cycles). SEM images of the cycled NCM-811 cathode under tape peeling tests for b 0 times, c 1 time, d 3 times, e 5 times, f 7 times and g 9 times. h Raman spectra detected from the cycled NCM-811 cathode under different times of tape peeling test (from 0 to 9 times) and the corresponding i color mapping. j XRD patterns of pristine and cycled quasi-solid electrolytes.