Table 1 Comparison table.

From: Longitudinal piezoelectric resonant photoelastic modulator for efficient intensity modulation at megahertz frequencies

Modulation principle

Optical wavelength (nm)

Optical insertion loss (dB)

RF power required to achieve 100% intensity modulation (W/cm2)

Optically broadband

Transverse resonant Pockels18

532

3

6.7 × 105

Yes

Longitudinal Pockels19

532

3

1.83 × 104

Yes

Electroabsorption9

860

–

34

No

Gate-tunable metasurface23

1550

–

460

Yes

Plasmonic nanoresonator22

1340

20

454

Yes

Photoelastic (this work)

532

4.2

7.4

Yes

  1. Modulator performances are compared in terms of intensity modulation at 3.7 MHz. The two performance metrics used are the optical-insertion loss and the RF power required to achieve 100% intensity modulation of a laser beam. To show modulation efficiency, the RF power required to achieve 100% intensity modulation is calculated by extrapolating the values reported in the references.
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