Fig. 1: Hollow-core fibre-coupled Raman analysis of a Li-ion pouch cell. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Hollow-core fibre-coupled Raman analysis of a Li-ion pouch cell.

From: Hollow-core optical fibre sensors for operando Raman spectroscopy investigation of Li-ion battery liquid electrolytes

Fig. 1

a, b Continuous- wave laser light (785 nm) is filtered and launched into the core of a single-ring HC-fibre. The proximate fibre facet is embedded in a microfluidic chamber with a sapphire window (b) and connected to a syringe pump for on-demand sampling/infusion. The distal fibre facet is embedded in the pouch cell under study. The backscattered Raman signal generated within the HC-fibre reflects off a 50:50 beam-splitter, filtered and analysed by a spectrometer. F1, bandpass filter; F2, notch filter. c SEM image of the hollow-core fibre with an outer diameter of 174 µm and a core diameter of 36 µm (measured between the inner capillaries (see Supplementary Fig. 1). The right-hand image shows the Raman signal detected by the spectrometer CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera. d Schematic indicating the electrodes, separator, and fibre probe arrangements within the pouch cell (not to scale—for details, see Supplementary Figs. 3 and 4).

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