Fig. 5: Neuronal activity patterns following engram cell manipulations.

a Schedule for natural recall (top), engram activation (bottom). b Natural memory recall (Test). c Optogenetic reactivation. eYFP and ChR2-eYFP (n = 11 mice per group) groups. d cFos⁺ neurons in representative brain regions, shown for eYFP (top) and ChR2-eYFP (bottom) groups. e Schedule for CA1 engram inhibition. f Natural memory recall (Test). g Optogenetic inhibition. mCherry and eArchT-mCherry (n = 11 mice per group) groups. h cFos⁺ neurons in representative brain regions, shown for mCherry (top) and eArchT-mCherry (bottom) groups. i Heat map represents cFos activation levels in 15 brain regions for natural recall and CA1 engram manipulations (n = 7 mice per group). Colored regions indicate an increase/decrease in the number of cFos⁺ neurons based on the P value obtained by comparing control vs. manipulation group data. j Scatter plot comparing the ratio of cFos⁺ cell counts between CA1 engram activation and natural recall (n = 7 mice per group). k Schedule for BLA engram activation, as performed in a. l Natural recall (Test). m Optogenetic reactivation. eYFP and ChR2-eYFP (n = 11 mice per group) groups. n cFos⁺ neurons in representative brain regions, shown for eYFP (top) and ChR2-eYFP (bottom) groups. o Schedule for BLA engram inhibition. p Natural recall (Test). q Optogenetic inhibition. mCherry and eArchT-mCherry (n = 11 mice per group) groups. r cFos⁺ neurons in representative brain regions, shown for mCherry (top) and eArchT-mCherry (bottom) groups. s Heat map represents cFos activation levels in 14 brain regions for natural recall and BLA engram manipulations (n = 7 mice per group). t Scatter plot comparing the ratio of cFos⁺ cell counts between BLA engram activation and natural recall (n = 7 mice per group). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Unless specified, statistical comparisons are performed using two-tailed unpaired t-tests; ***P < 0.001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P values: 2.14E−05 (c), 0.0002 (g), 0.0075 (j), 0.0005 (m), 1.13E−06 (q), 0.0153 (t). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Each experiment was performed in two independent batches that yielded similar results.