Fig. 1: Characterizations of Mn@CCs.

a TEM image of Mn@CCs. b The graphene-like structure of Mn@CCs revealed by HR-TEM imaging. Experiments were repeated three times. c Size distribution of Mn@CCs. d Raman spectrum of Mn@CCs. e TGA of Mn@CCs. f The full-scan XPS spectrum of Mn@CCs. g–j High-resolution XPS spectra of g Mn2p, h N1s, i C1s, and j O1s. k FTIR spectra of Mn@CCs and raw materials. l Surface zeta potential of Mn@CCs.