Fig. 5: Electronic structure and CO2RR pathways of ultrathin PBOC layers.

a Lead–bismuth oxyhalide outer layer structural model and (b) the partial density of states (PDOS). c Isosurface of differential charge density. Mulliken population of (d) layer bismuth oxyhalide layer, e lead–bismuth oxyhalide outer layer and (f) lead–bismuth oxyhalide outer layer after CO2 adsorption. g Gibbs free energy calculations towards the reaction pathway and free energy diagrams. The grey, red and blue lines show the reaction pathway of CO2RR to CO, CH3OH, and CH4, respectively.