Fig. 2: Operando spectroscopy characterization and chemical states of Pt.

The operando Raman spectra (a), SR-FTIR spectra (b), and XANES difference spectra (c) of Pt/MgO in 1 M KOH. d Pt 4 f XPS spectra and e Pt L3-edge XANES spectra of Pt/MgO, Pt foil and Pt/C. f Graphical representations of the electron transfer between Pt nanoparticles and the support (VO−MgO and graphite).