Fig. 4: Age-associated alterations in murine esophageal epithelium.

a Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) visualization of Seurat cell populations in young and aged esophageal epithelium. b Proportion of each cell population as a fraction of all cells in the epithelium for each age group (n = 5 animals per age group). Indicated p values were determined using Wilcoxon signed-ranked test without adjustment for multiple comparisons. Log₂ of the odds ratio of fractional proportions of each cell population. Odds ratio calculated by fractions in each respective cluster in aged mice over young mice. Each individual scatter point represents proportion indicated, box indicates quartiles, whiskers indicate minima and maxima. Mean is indicated by line striking through box. c Ingenuity pathway analysis identified the canonical pathways significantly altered in esophageal epithelial cell populations in aged mice relative to young mice. A positive value (red) indicates activation while a negative value (blue) indicates inhibition of the respective pathway. d DNA level of mitochondrial D-loop was determined relative to nuclear DNA-encoded gene Ikbβ in epithelial-enriched mucosal layer from young (n = 6 animals) and aged (n = 6 animals) C57B6 mice. *p = 0.0002. e Mitochondrial complex I activity was measured in esophageal tissue lysates from young (n = 12 animals) and aged (n = 14 animals) mice. *p < 0.0001. In (d, e) two-tailed t test was used to compare means and data are represented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.