Fig. 4: Event shape characteristics of λ-DNA via various monovalent salts.

a Representative waveforms observed in 10 mM LiCl from λ-DNA translocations in response to negative voltages. As the voltage increases in negativity, events transition from resistive to conductive. b Scatterplot showing current change and dwell time relationship with applied voltage for λ-DNA in 10 mM LiCl through a pore with a conductance of 1.2 nS at four different voltages: −900 mV in red, −700 mV in yellow, −500 mV in blue, and −300 mV in green. c Flux imbalance with (negative) applied voltage in 10 mM LiCl and its influence on the waveform generated through λ-DNA translocations. d An additional scatter plot corresponding to λ-DNA translocation in 10 mM KCl (CEs) and 10 mM LiCl (REs) in response to −600 mV. Both pores have a pore diameter estimated to be 33 ± 3 nm. The horizontal dashed line corresponds to the flux imbalance corresponding to the transition of REs to CEs. e Flux imbalance with (negative) applied voltage in 20 nm diameter pores in 10 mM KCl and LiCl. f Scatter plot of current change and dwell time corresponding to λ-DNA translocation in 10 mM CsCl in various applied voltages. All voltages produced CEs, similar to KCl.