Fig. 4: In-situ/operando spectroscopy analyses for raveling origin of durability.
From: Exploring dopant effects in stannic oxide nanoparticles for CO2 electro-reduction to formate
a, b In-situ/operando Sn k-edge XANES spectra for a SnO2/C and b FTO/C catalysts during CO2RR in the flow-type electrolyzer and c its oxidation state distribution deconvoluted by linear combination fitting (orange: Sn, blue: Sn2+, and green: Sn4+). d In-situ/operando SER spectra obtained at constant potentials for SnO2 and FTO catalysts without carbon supporter. Analyzed SER spectra present in the wavenumber region of 300–900 cm−1. e Schematic illustration of reaction affinity for SnO2 and FTO under low/high cathodic overpotential.
