Fig. 5: Institutional author affiliation of the authors of each paper sampled in neuroscience and psychiatry in 2009 and 2019.

If a different country was noted among the author affiliations within a paper, this was considered as a combination of countries. Plotted are the percentage of proportional papers within each journal and year, n = the number of research papers within each category. a–f Country or combination of countries of author affiliations and the respective percentage of papers reporting studies that analysed using sex as a discovery variable across years compared to the country total. Papers from research groups based in the USA, Canada, EU and a combination of countries had an increased percentage of studies that analysed by sex as a discovery variable but none of these were significant. Means ∓ standard error of the mean a E.U. is the European Union (number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 2, 2019 n = 1; psychiatry 2009 n = 1, 2019 n = 1. b U.K. is the United Kingdom (number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 0, 2019 n = 0; psychiatry 2009 n = 2, 2019 n = 0. c Canada (number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 0, 2019 n = 1; psychiatry 2009 n = 1, 2019 n = 1. d U.S.A. is the United States of America (number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 4, 2019 n = 15; psychiatry 2009 n = 10, 2019 n = 18. e Combination of countries: (number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 3, 2019 n = 10; psychiatry 2009 n = 8, 2019 n = 14. f Asia: (number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 0, 2019 n = 0; psychiatry 2009 n = 2, 2019 n = 0. g Country/region of author affiliation of all papers sampled and h breakdown of papers sampled that had studies using optimal analysis for discovery of sex differences by country or region of author affiliation. i–j Breakdown of papers reporting studies, which analysed by sex by country or region of author affiliation in 2009 (i) and 2019 (j) Means ∓ standard error of the mean. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.