Fig. 2: Metagenomics unveils the complexity of epilithic biofilms.

a Bacterial phylogenetic tree constructed using high-quality (n = 49, >90% completion and <2% contamination) MAGs reconstructed from the epilithic biofilms. The numbers beside the phylum names indicate the number of high-quality MAGs assigned to the respective phylum. Only high-quality MAGs were used to mitigate phylogenetic disparities from incomplete MAGs. b Normalized abundance of reconstructed prokaryotic genomes, i.e., MAGs, from the epilithic biofilms. Taxonomy at phylum and genus levels is depicted. NA: unclassified genus. Samples from the Southern Alps are indicated in red, while those from Caucasus are shown in blue. Medium-to-high quality MAGs (n = 73) are depicted. c Eukaryotic relative abundance profile obtained from metagenomic sequencing across all epilithic biofilms samples.