Fig. 4: Oxygen tilt of the four samples.

a ABF images of LaCoO3, La(5TM0.2)O3, (5RE0.2)(5TM0.2)O3, and Gd(5TM0.2)O3, respectively, showing the TM–O–TM angle in their lattice structures. The green and silver spheres representing the B-site atoms and oxygen atoms, respectively. While the blue, dark blue, dark red and red spheres representing the A-site atoms in the four samples, respectively. Scale bar is 0.5 nm. b Distribution of the TM–O–TM angle in the four samples. c The relationship between TM–O–TM angle and tolerance factor. Data are presented as means of ±SD of the distribution of TM–O–TM angle.