Fig. 2: seed size-number trade-offs and species seed production.

a Species seed production (SSP, g seed per m2 tree basal area) is not constrained by the strict size-number trade-off (dashed line with a slope of zero). Instead, it varies over ten orders of magnitude and has a positive correlation with seed mass across 714 tree species (\({\log }_{10}\)SSP \(=4.29+0.546\cdot {\log }_{10}m\), R2 = 0.189, p < 10−15, n = 714). b SSP exhibits phylogenetic coherence for 482 species having phylogeny data (68% of species). Brown and green text highlight species that produce coniferous cones and fleshy fruits, respectively. The phylogenetic signal is estimated using Pagel's λ = 0.60 (p < 10−9, n = 482).