Table 1 Characteristics of study patients.

N

196

298

Age, years

56.9 ± 5.9

57.6 ± 6.1

0.252

Sex, male, n (%)

107 (54.6)

166 (55.7)

0.284

BMI, kg/m²

28.4 ± 1.7

29.1 ± 2.1

0.002

Diabetes duration, years

13.1 ± 2.5

14.5 ± 3.3

0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

132.6 ± 14.7

132.9 ± 13.7

0.787

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

78.6 ± 6.8

79.1 ± 6.5

0.512

Heart rate, b/min

75.4 ± 9.9

75.8 ± 8.7

0.365

  Blood glucose, mg/dl

178.8 ± 36.7

195.5 ± 28.2

0.001

  Total cholesterol, mg/dl

203.8 ± 19.4

203.1 ± 22.4

0.721

  LDL cholesterol, mg/dl

129.7 ± 18.9

128.4 ± 21.6

0.511

  HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

38.2 ± 3.5

37.1 ± 3.4

0.001

  Triglycerides, mg/dl

185.9 ± 21.5

187.9 ± 23.3

0.331

  Creatinine, mg/dl

0.9 ± 0.15

0.9 ± 0.2

0.667

  HbA1C basal, %

6.7 ± 0.7

7.1 ± 0.7

0.001

  HbA1c 3 months, %

6.8 ± 0.4

7.6 ± 0.7

0.001

  HbA1c 6 months, %

6.9 ± 0.8

8.3 ± 1.2

0.001

  HbA1c 9 months, %

7.1 ± 0.7

8.8 ± 1.9

0.001

  HbA1c 12 months, %

6.3 ± 0.76

8.2 ± 1.8

0.001

  Hypertension, n (%)

58 (40.3)

86 (59.7)

0.469

  Dyslipidaemia, n (%)

56 (28.6)

78 (26.2)

0.314

  Cigarette smoking, n (%)

32 (16.3)

112 (37.6)

0.001

  Heart disease, n (%)

41 (20.9)

71 (23.8)

0.269

  Aspirin, n (%)

54 (27.6)

86 (28.9)

0.417

  β-Blocker, n (%)

53 (27.1)

69 (23.2)

0.159

  Calcium-channel blocker, n (%)

34 (17.3)

37 (12.4)

0.082

  Statin, n (%)

43 (21.9)

64 (21.5)

0.494

  ACE inhibitor, n (%)

55 (28.1)

72 (24.2)

0.193

  AT-2 antagonist, n (%)

26 (13.3)

38 (12.8)

0.485

  Oral anti-diabetic drugs, N (%)

181 (92.3)

271 (91.1)

0.458

  Insulin, n (%)

20 (10.2)

29 (9.7)

0.489