Fig. 5: Proxy records of ASE forcing mechanisms during the Holocene.
From: Holocene melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet driven by tropical Pacific warming
a Meltwater discharge from the CIS based on 10Be/9Be ratios from OSO-0910 KC-15 (black line) alongside the thinning history of the Pine Island (light orange triangles) and Pope (dark orange triangles) glaciers derived from exposure ages of samples from Mt. Murphy and Mt. Moses/Maish Nunatak, respectively13,14. b δ13C values of benthic (grey diamonds) and planktic (black diamonds) foraminifera relative to estimated values for the CDW (yellow box) and AASW (blue box) from PS75/160 and PS75/167 (Fig. 1b)12. c Five-point moving average of sea surface temperature (SST) estimated for the Palmer Deep, western Antarctic Peninsula shelf (red line; ODP 1098, Fig. 1a) and Mg/Ca ratios of benthic foraminifera as a semi-quantitative representation of bottom-water temperatures within PIB (black crosses; PS75/160, Fig. 1b)12,38. d Titanium µ-XRF analysis from Emerald Lake on Macquarie Island39 (light green line) and five-point moving average of ice volume corrected Globorotalia inflata δ18O (δ18Oivc) recorded in the South Atlantic40 (dark green line). e Alkenone SST index from the eastern Pacific equatorial cold tongue41 (light yellow line) and mean thermocline water temperature anomaly of the Indo-Pacific warm pool43 (dark yellow line). f Atmospheric temperature68 (light blue line) and accumulation rates46 (dark blue line) for the WAIS Divide core (Fig. 1a). The grey box highlights the interval of 9 to 6 cal kyr BP.
