Fig. 5: Photovoltaic properties of OSCs.

a J–V curves of the optimal devices. b PCE statistics (error bar is defined as the standard deviation, which is calculated from the statistics results of 15 devices). c EQE curves and d EQEEL curves of the optimal devices. e Comparison of energy loss in the six types of devices. f Comparison of efficiency and energy loss between this work and earlier references (original data in Supplementary Table 16).