Fig. 5: Thiele modulus calculation and oxidative coupling of 4-chloroaniline and 4-methoxyaniline.

a Atomic ratio of Cl: Co for h-CoNC and s-CoNC during 4-chloroaniline diffusion at different time intervals. b Thiele modulus and effectiveness factor of h-CoNC and s-CoNC. c Scheme of the increased diffusion from s-CoNC to h-CoNC. d Catalytic performance comparison of aniline, 4-chloroaniline, and 4-methoxyaniline coupling on h-CoNC and s-CoNC. Error bars represent standard deviations of the means.